Peptide epitopes of VEGFR-2/KDR that inhibit angiogenesis

ABSTRACT

The disclosure provides antigenic peptides of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2(VEGFR-2)/KDR. Pharmaceutical compositions including the peptides and/or antigen presenting cells that exhibit the VEGFR-2/KDR peptides on their cell surface are also provided. Methods for eliciting an immune response and for inhibiting angiogenesis by administering such pharmaceutical compositions are provided.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application60/671,867, filed Apr. 15, 2005, the disclosure of which is incorporatedherein in its entirety.

FIELD

This disclosure relates to cancer immunotherapy. More specifically, thisdisclosure relates to the use of immunogenic peptides of the VascularEndothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 to elicit an anti-angiogenic immuneresponse useful for the treatment of cancer.

BACKGROUND

Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillary blood vessels, is essentialfor the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. The Vascular EndothelialGrowth Factor (VEGF) family of proteins is one of the most potent andspecific positive regulators of angiogenesis. These proteins bind tothree tyrosine-kinase receptors, VEGFR-1 (Vascular Endothelial GrowthFactor Receptor 1/Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (KDR/Fetal liver kinase 1, Flk-1) andVEGFR-3 (Flt-4). Neuropilin-1 is the fourth receptor that can bindspecifically one of the VEGF isoforms: (VEGF165) and enhances itsbinding to VEGFR-1 (Soker et al., Cell 92(6):735-45, 1998). In general,VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2/KDR are expressed on vascular endothelial cellswhereas VEGFR-3 is expressed on lymphatic endothelial cells (Partanen etal., Cancer 86:2406, 1999; Kaipainen et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA92:3566-70, 1995).

VEGFR-2/KDR is a major mediator of the mitogenic, angiogenic andpermeability-enhancing effects of VEGF (Ferrara et al., Nat Med.9(6):669-676, 2003), and VEGFR-2/KDR is involved in the process ofvascularization and angiogenesis. For example VEGFR-2/KDR-null mice diein utero between days 8.5 and 9.5 without any sign of vasculogenesis ororganized blood vessels (Shalaby et al. Nature 376:62-66, 1995),demonstrating that VEGFR-2/KDR has an important role in the process ofvascularization and angiogenesis.

VEGFR-2/KDR is highly expressed in tumor associated endothelial cellsand contributes to tumor growth, invasion and metastasis (Dias et al., JClin Invest. 106(4):511-521, 2000; Santos et al., Blood103(10):3883-3889, 2004; St. Croix et al., Science 289:1197-1202, 2000).In addition, VEGFR-2/KDR is also expressed on the surface of severaltumor cells including: B cell lymphoma and leukemia, multiple myeloma,urothelial bladder cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer, among others(El-Obeid et al., Leuk Res. 28(2):133-137, 2004; Kumar et al., Leukemia17(10):2025-2031, 2003; Gakiopoulou-Givalou et al., Histopathology43(3):272-279, 2003; Kranz et al., Int J Cancer 84(3):293-298, 1999;Decaussin et al., J Pathol. 188(4):369-377, 1999). The relatively highlevel of expression on tumor cells relative to normal vascularendothelial cells suggests that VEGFR-2/KDR is a suitable target oftumor therapy.

Anti-angiogenic strategies targeting VEGFR-2/KDR have long been sought.Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting VEGFR-2/KDR, such asSU5416 have been shown to be effective in treating certain types ofcarcinomas in vitro and in vivo (Fong et al., Cancer Res. 59(1):99-106,1999; Zangari et al., Clin Cancer Res. 10(1 Pt 1):88-95, 2004).Monoclonal antibodies against VEGFR-2/KDR can inhibit tumor angiogenesisand growth of several human and murine tumors (Prewett et al., CancerRes. 59(20):5209-5218, 1999; Zhu et al., Cancer Res. 58(15):3209-3214,1998). Wei et al., have shown that specific immune responses can beinduced by xenogeneic endothelial cells and can protect mice from tumorchallenge (Wei et al., Nat Med. (10):1160-1166, 2000). Vaccinestrategies against VEGFR-2/KDR have also been attempted. Tumor growthcan be successfully inhibited by immunotherapy targeting VEGFR-2/KDRthrough a DNA vaccine encoding the full-length VEGFR-2/KDR (Niethammeret al., Nat Med 8:1369-1375, 2002), or dendritic cells transfected witha full-length VEGFR-2/KDR encoding construct (Nair et al., Blood102(3):964-971, 2003), or pulsed with recombinant full-lengthVEGFR-2/KDR protein (Li et al., J. Exp. Med 195(12):1575-1584, 2002).Some of these strategies have attributed the anti-tumor effects elicitedto CD8+ CTLs (Wei et al., Nat Med. (10):1160-1166, 2000; Niethammer etal., Nat Med 8:1369-1375, 2002; Yiwen et al., J. Exp. Med.195:1575-1584, 2002), indicating that CTLs elicited by immunizationagainst VEGFR-2/KDR can destroy endothelial cells derived from tumorassociated vessels. To date, no human or murine VEGFR-2/KDR CTL epitopeshave been identified.

The present disclosure provides murine and human MHC Class I epitopes ofVEGFR-2/KDR, and demonstrates their efficacy as an anti-angiogenicvaccine.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure provides antigenic peptides of VascularEndothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2(VEGFR-2)/KDR. The antigenicVEGFR-2/KDR peptides bind MHC Class I proteins and can elicit ananti-angiogenic immune response following administration to a subject.Pharmaceutical compositions including the peptides and/or antigenpresenting cells that exhibit the VEGFR-2/KDR peptides on their cellsurface are also described. Methods for eliciting an immune response andmethods for inhibiting angiogenesis by administering such pharmaceuticalcompositions are also disclosed.

The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention willbecome more apparent from the following detailed description of aseveral embodiments which proceeds with reference to the accompanyingfigures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a line graph illustrating results of an RMA-S binding assay.KDR2 and KDR3 bind efficiently to H-2Db molecules. RMA-S cells wereloaded with various peptides for 16 to 18 h at 37° C. Levels of surfaceclass I molecules were assessed by flow cytometric analysis using mousemonoclonal antibodies specific for H-2Db. FI=Fluoresce measurement afterpeptides stimulation/Fluoresce measurement without peptide-1. □: KDR1,Δ:KDR2, □: KDR3, ∘: wild type P53 264-272, □: HPV 16 E7 49-57. HPV E749-57 and Human P53 264-272 serve as positive and negative controlrespectively. The results shown here are representative of threeseparate experiments.

FIGS. 2A-C are bar graphs representing the results of IFN-Eli spotassays. Four groups of mice (5 mice per group) were vaccinated withdifferent peptides (KDR1, KDR2, KDR3). Mice were sacrificed, spleen ordrained lymph nodes (DLN) cells prepared as described in methods sectionserved as effectors. Syngeneic EL4 cells (3,000 rads) pulsed withpeptides or H5V cells after treated with MMC served as stimulators.Irradiated EL4 without peptide or MMC treated allogeneic bEND3 cells ascontrol. Dot bar: EL4 pulsed with irrelevant peptide as negativecontrol; Solid bar: EL4 pulsed with KDR2 or KDR3 respectively; Open bar:EL4 without any peptide; A. Results of fresh spleen cells; B. Results ofspleen cells after 1 week restimulation in vitro; C. Cells from freshdrained lymph nodes stimulated with H5V or bEND3 cells.

FIG. 3 is a series of flow cytometry scatter plots illustrating tetramerstaining of CTLs. Plots are gated on 7-AAD negative and CD8 positivecells: Panel A: Fresh isolated cells; Panel B: spleen cells from naivemice after restimulated in vitro with peptide KDR2 or KDR3 for 7 days;Panel C: splenocytes from vaccinated mice and restimulated in vitro for7 days with vaccinated peptides. Left row: H-2Db-HPV16 E7 49-57 tetramerserved as irrelevant control, Middle row: H-2Db-KDR2 tetramer; Rightrow: H-2Db-KDR3 tetramer.

FIGS. 4A-D are line graphs illustrating the results of standard 4 hr⁵¹Cr release test. Three weeks after immunization, spleen cells wereprepared from immunized mice (4-5 mice per group) and restimulated withvaccinated peptides in a 24-well plate in the presence of RPMI 1640(Invitrogen) with 10% FCS. 10% T-stim was added 48 hours later into theculture media and the cells were incubated for 5 days at 37° C. The CTLactivity was tested in a 4-hour ⁵¹Cr release assay. Target cells includeVEGFR-2/KDR+ H5V (H-2d) and bEND3 (H-2b) endothelial cells,VEGFR-2/KDR-EL4 cells pulsed with peptides or EL4 alone. The percentageof specific lysis was calculated using the formula:(experimental release-spontaneous release)/(maximum release-spontaneousrelease)×100.Upper panel: effector cells from mice immunized with KDR2, Lower panel:effectors from KDR3 immunized mice.

FIGS. 5A-C illustrate the results of a Matrigel Plug Assay illustratingthat angiogenesis can be inhibited by peptide immunization. Mice(C57BL/6) were immunized three times with 4 weeks interval in the tails.10 days after the last immunization, mice were injected subcutaneously(right flanks) with 500 μl of a solution containing Matrigel, with orwithout 100 ng/ml murine VEGF. Plugs were resected after 10 days andwere shaken overnight in 2 volumes water before 1 hr of incubation withan equal volume of Drabkin reagent (Sigma) and colorimetric assessmentat A540. FIG. 5A illustrates representative digital images before theMatrigel Plugs were resected: Left: plug with muVEGF in mice immunizedwith IFA+GM-CSF+aCD40; Right: plug with muVEGF in mice immunized withIFA+GM-CSF+aCD40+KDR2+KDR3. FIG. 5B illustrates representative digitalimages of the Matrigel Plugs: (a):plug without mu-VEGF as negativecontrol; (b): plug with mu-VEGF as positive control;(c)IFA+GM-CSF+anti-CD40; (d) IFA+GM-CSF+anti-CD40+KDR2+KDR3. FIG. 5C is agraph indicating hemoglobin content in the Matrigel plugs by Drabkinreagent. Gr1: negative control, plugs without muVEGF (n=2); Gr2:positive control, plugs with muVEGF(n=3) ; Gr3: plugs with muVEGF frommice immunized with IFA+GM-CSF+aCD40 (n=7); Gr4: plugs with muVEGF frommice immunized with IFA+GM-CSF+aCD40+KDR2+KDR3 (n=6).

P<0.05 relative to Gr3 by Student's t-test.

indicates mean of the group.

FIG. 6 is a line graph illustrating inhibition of MC-38 tumor growth byKDR2 and KDR3 immunization. 3×10⁴ MC38 colon cancer cells were injecteds.c. into the right flanks of C57BL/6 mice at day1, Mice were randomizedinto 3 groups (5 mice each) at day 5 were immunized with PBS, adjuvantsonly or adjuvants plus 100 μg KDR2 and KDR3 peptides. Tumors weremeasured by caliper twice a week till mice were sacrificed when tumorreach 2 millimeter in length. Error bars indicate standard deviation. ∘mice injected with PBS served as control; ▪ mice immunized withIFA+GM-CSF+ anti-CD40; ▴ mice vaccinated with IFA+ GM-CSF+ anti-CD40+KDR2+KDR3. The results shown that vaccination with KDR2 and KDR3 caninhibit MC38 tumor growth.

FIG. 7 is a line graph illustrating binding of exemplary humanVEGFR-2/KDR peptides to HLA-A2 in a T2 binding assay.

FIGS. 8A and B are bar graphs illustrating production of IFN-γ secretingT cells in response to immunization with exemplary human VEGFR-2/KDRpeptides (KDR505, KDR775 and KDR1093). (A) and (B) illustrate theproduction of IFN-γ secreting T cells stimulated in the presence andabsence of C1R.A2 cells, respectively.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The nucleic and amino acid sequences listed in the accompanying sequencelisting are shown using standard letter abbreviations for nucleotidebases, and three letter code for amino acids, as defined in 37 C.F.R.1.822. Only one strand of each nucleic acid sequence is shown, but thecomplementary strand is understood as included by any reference to thedisplayed strand. In the accompanying sequence listing:

SEQ ID NO:1 is the amino acid sequence of the murine VEGFR-2/KDR.

SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid sequence of the human VEGFR-2/Flk-1.

SEQ ID NO:3 is the amino acid sequence of the peptide (murine) KDR2.

SEQ ID NO:4 is the amino acid sequence of the peptide (murine) KDR3.

SEQ ID NO:5 is the amino acid sequence of a human VEGFR-2/KDR peptide.

SEQ ID NO:6 is the amino acid sequence of a human VEGFR-2/KDR peptide.

SEQ ID NO:7 is the amino acid sequence of a human VEGFR-2/KDR peptide.

SEQ ID NO:8 is the amino acid sequence of a human VEGFR-2/KDR peptide.

SEQ ID NO:9 is the amino acid sequence of a human VEGFR-2/KDR peptide.

SEQ ID NO: 10 is the amino acid sequence of a human VEGFR-2/KDR peptide.

SEQ ID NO: 11 is the amino acid sequence of a human VEGFR-2/KDR peptide.

SEQ ID NO:12 is the amino acid sequence of a human VEGFR-2/KDR peptide.

SEQ ID NO:13 is the amino acid sequence of the peptide (murine) KDR1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

I. Introduction

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is an important regulator ofangiogenesis, including neovascularization of tumors. The presentdisclosure provides peptide epitopes of the VEGFR-2/KDR receptor whichare useful as immunogenic compositions to elicit an immune response thattargets VEGFR-2/KDR expressing cells, such as cells of tumor vascularendothelia. Because VEGFR-2/KDR is highly expressed on the surface ofendothelial cells undergoing abnormal angiogenesis associated with tumorprogression as compared to normal vascular endothelial cells, such atargeted immune response is an effective means of reducing tumor growthin vivo, either as an independent therapy or in conjunction withsurgical resection and/or chemotherapy.

Targeting tumor vascular endothelia provides several advantages ascompared to targeting tumor cells directly. For example, MHC moleculeson the surface of endothelial cells are not down-regulated as are MHCmolecules on tumor cells. Effector cells (such as T cells) and/orantibodies can reach endothelial cell targets more easily (via thevasculature) than these effectors can reach tumor cells. Because eachblood vessel supplies hundreds (or more) of tumor cells, targeting bloodvessels efficiently targets numerous tumor cells. In addition, treatmenttargeted against endothelial cells is not limited on tumor type ortissue, and is likely to impact at least four different types of cells:tumor associated endothelial cells expressing VEGFR-2/KDR, tumor cellsexpressing VEGFR-2/KDR, circulating endothelial progenitors (CEPs,CD34+AC133+VEGFR-2/KDR+)(Yu et al., Blood 103:1373-1375, 2004) andcirculating endothelial cells (CECs, CD45-VEGFR-2/KDR+)(Schuh et al.,Cancer Res. 63:8345-8350, 2003). Thus, therapies targeting the bloodvessels that supply tumors are likely to be more efficient and effectivethan targeting the tumor cells themselves.

To date, all of the attempts to elicit a therapeutically relevant immuneresponse against VEGFR-2/KDR have used full-length protein. Compared toimmunotherapies involving full-length protein, peptide vaccine is mucheasier to synthesize, and can be produced at significantly lower cost.The high purity of peptide vaccine is another advantage because peptidevaccines do not have any of the potential dangers associated withinfection by recombinant viruses or allergy due to an exogenous proteinin the vaccine composition. The present disclosure provides novel CD8+ Tcell epitopes from VEGFR-2/KDR, and demonstrates their efficacy as ananti-angiogenic tumor therapy.

A first aspect of the present disclosure relates to peptides that bindto a Major Histocompatibility (MHC) Class I molecule. These peptides arechains of amino acids (between 3 and 30 amino acids in length) that aresubsequences of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2(VEGFR-2/KDR). Typically, the VEGFR-2/KDR MHC Class I binding peptidesare at least 8 amino acids, and no more than 12 amino acids in length.Usually, the peptides consist of a subsequence of VEGFR-2/KDR of 9 aminoacids or 10 amino acids in length.

In one embodiment, the peptides are subsequences of the murine (mouse)VEGFR-2/KDR. More particularly, the peptides are subsequences of themurine VEGFR-2/KDR that include the sequence T-N-X-I (TNXI), where X isany amino acid. For example, the sequences VILTNPISM (KDR2: SEQ ID NO:3)and FSNSTNDILI (KDR3: SEQ ID NO:4) are peptide subsequences of themurine VEGFR-2/KDR that bind murine MHC Class I molecules (H-2D^(b)) andelicit an anti-angiogenic immune response following administration to asubject. Alternatively, the peptides include at least one amino acidaddition, deletion or substitution relative to SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ IDNO:4. In embodiments including one or more amino acid deletion, additionor substitution, the peptides nonetheless retain the ability to bind MHCClass I and to elicit an anti-angiogenic immune response.

In another embodiment, the peptide is a subsequence of a humanVEGFR-2/KDR. The peptides include the motif: X-L/M-(X)_(5 or 6)-L/T/F/G,where X is any amino acid. Thus, the peptide includes any amino acid atposition one (with respect to the N-terminus of the peptide), a leucineor methionine at position two, any amino acid at positions three throughseven or eight, and a leucine, threonine, phenylalanine or glycine atposition eight or nine. For example, VLLWEIFSL (SEQ ID NO:5), ALIEGKNKT(SEQ ID NO:6), AMFFWLLLV (SEQ ID NO:7), VLLAVALWL (SEQ ID NO:8),LMTKKNSTFV (SEQ ID NO:9), FLSTLTIDGV (SEQ ID NO:10), and WLLLVIILRT (SEQID NO:11) are exemplary human VEGFR-2/KDR peptides that bind MHC Class I(e.g., HLA-A2) and elicit an anti-angiogenic immune response followingadministration to a subject. The peptides can optionally include one ormore amino acid addition, deletion or substitution that does not impairthe peptide's ability to bind MHC Class I or substantially alter itsantigenicity.

Typically, the anti-angiogenic immune response involves a cytotoxic(CTL) response specific for cells that express VEGFR-2/KDR. Such aresponse involves the proliferation and activation of CD8+ T cells withT cell receptors (TCRs) that specifically bind to or interact with anepitope of VEGFR-2/KDR. In some cases, the immune response also resultsin the production of antibodies that bind specifically to VEGFR-2/KDR.

Another aspect of the disclosure relates to isolated antigen presentingcells (APCs) that present the VEGFR-2/KDR peptides on a cell surface MHCClass I molecule. The APCs include dendritic cells, macrophages and Bcells. In some embodiments, the APCs are human APCs, such as humandendritic cells. In some embodiments, the APC is contacted with at leastone VEGFR-2/KDR peptide by exposing the external surface of the APC tothe VEGFR-2/KDR peptide(s), e.g., by culturing the APC in a mediumcontaining the VEGFR-2/KDR peptide(s).

Another aspect of the disclosure relates to pharmaceutical compositions(medicaments) including the VEGFR-2/KDR peptides or APCs (such asautologous APCs) that present the peptides on cell surface MHC Class Imolecules, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Forexample, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein areimmunogenic compositions. That is, the pharmaceutical compositions ormedicaments can be used to elicit an immune response in a subject. Theimmune response typically involves the proliferation and activation of Tcells that have a TCR that binds to an epitope of VEGFR-2/KDR. Theimmune response can include a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response thattargets endothelial cells involved in tumor angiogenesis. Methods forproducing the medicaments are also disclosed.

The disclosure also provides methods for eliciting an immune responseagainst a VEGFR-2/KDR. Such an immune response is specific for anantigen expressed on vascular endothelial cells. Such methods involveadministering an immunologically effective amount of a pharmaceuticalcomposition that includes at least one VEGFR-2/KDR peptide as describedherein, or at least one APC that presents such a peptide. The immuneresponses elicited following administration of an immunologicallyeffective amount of these pharmaceutical compositions reduces orinhibits angiogenesis (that is, the immune response is ananti-angiogenic immune response). For example, the immune response caninhibit or reduce tumor associated angiogenesis or neovascularizationassociated with cancer. Thus, the immune response inhibits or reducesangiogenesis associated with tumor progression, metastasis and/orvascularization associated with regrowth of a tumor following surgicalresection or chemotherapy. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositionsdescribed herein can be administered to a subject with a tumor, e.g., toinhibit vascularization of the tumor, to inhibit growth or progressionof the tumor, to inhibit metastasis by the tumor, etc. In some cases,the subject is a human subject. Optionally, the pharmaceuticalcomposition includes or is administered in combination with a cytokine,an immunostimulatory agent (such as an adjuvant) or a chemotherapeuticagent.

Additional technical details are provided under the specific topicheadings below.

II. Abbreviations

APC: antigen presenting cell

CEC; CEP: circulating endothelial cell; circulating endothelialprogenitor

CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocyte

DC: dendritic cell

FACS: Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (or scanning)

FBS: Fetal Bovine Serum

GM-CSF: granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor

H-2: murine (mouse) major histocompatibility complex

HLA: human major histocompatibility complex

IFA: Freund's incomplete adjuvant

IFN-γ: Gamma interferon

MHC: Major Histocompatibility Complex

PBL: peripheral blood lymphocytes

PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PBS: Phosphate buffered saline

TCR: T cell receptor

μM: micromolar

VEGF: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

VEGFR-2/[VEGFR-2/KDR/Flk-1: VEGF Receptor 2

II. Terms

Unless otherwise explained, all technical and scientific terms usedherein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Definitions of commonterms in molecular biology may be found in Benjamin Lewin, Genes V,published by Oxford University Press, 1994 (ISBN 0-19-854287-9); Kendrewet al. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, published byBlackwell Science Ltd., 1994 (ISBN 0-632-02182-9); and Robert A. Meyers(ed.), Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: a Comprehensive DeskReference, published by VCH Publishers, Inc., 1995 (ISBN 1-56081-569-8).

The singular terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unlesscontext clearly indicates otherwise. Similarly, the word “or” isintended to include “and” unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It is further to be understood that all base sizes or aminoacid sizes, and all molecular weight or molecular mass values, given fornucleic acids or polypeptides are approximate, and are provided fordescription. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent tothose described herein can be used in the practice or testing of thisdisclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below. The term“comprises” means “includes.” The abbreviation, “e.g.” is derived fromthe Latin exempli gratia, and is used herein to indicate a non-limitingexample. Thus, the abbreviation “e.g.” is synonymous with the term “forexample.”

In order to facilitate review of the various embodiments of thisdisclosure, the following explanations of specific terms are provided:

Adjuvant: A vehicle used to enhance antigenicity; such as a suspensionof minerals (alum, aluminum hydroxide, or aluminum phosphate) on whichantigen is adsorbed; or water-in-oil (MF-59; Freund's incompleteadjuvant) emulsion in which antigen solution is emulsified in mineraloil, sometimes with the inclusion of killed mycobacteria (Freund'scomplete adjuvant) to further enhance antigenicity (inhibits degradationof antigen and/or causes influx of macrophages). Immunostimulatoryoligonucleotides (such as those including a CpG motif) can also be usedas adjuvants (for example see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,194,388; 6,207,646;6,214,806; 6,218,371; 6,239,116; 6,339,068; 6,406,705; and 6,429,199).

Anchor Amino Acid Residue or Anchor Residue: Binding of a peptideepitope to an MHC molecule is determined in significant part by thepresence of anchor amino acid residues that correspond to therecognition motif or “anchor motif” of the MHC molecule.

Antigen: A compound, composition, or substance that can stimulate theproduction of antibodies or a T cell response in an animal, includingcompositions that are injected or absorbed into an animal. An antigeninteracts with one or more products of specific humoral or cellularimmunity. “Epitope” or “antigenic determinant” refers to a site on anantigen to which B cells (or antibodies) and/or T cells bind. Epitopescan be formed both from contiguous amino acids or noncontiguous aminoacids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein. Epitopes formed fromcontiguous amino acids are typically retained on exposure to denaturingsolvents whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically loston treatment with denaturing solvents. In some cases, T cells bind tothe epitope, when the epitope is bound to an MHC molecule. An epitopecan be as few as three amino acids. More commonly, an epitope iscomposed of at least about 7 amino acids. For example, an epitopepresented in the context of an MHC molecule is usually at least 8 aminoacids in length. Usually such an epitope is no longer than about 12amino acids. For example, an epitope presented by an MHC Class Imolecule is typically about 9, or about 10 amino acids in length. Thus,the epitopes presented by MHC molecules are typically peptides.

Antigen Presenting Cell (APC): Antigen presenting cells are cells thatcan process antigens and display the antigen peptide fragments on thecell surface together with molecules involved in lymphocyte activation.Antigen presenting cells include dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, andB cells.

Antibody: Immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portionsof immunoglobulin molecules, that is, molecules that contain an antigenbinding site that specifically binds (immunoreacts with) an antigen.

A naturally occurring antibody (e.g., IgG, IgM, IgD) includes fourpolypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chainsinterconnected by disulfide bonds. As used herein, the term antibodyalso includes recombinant antibodies produced by expression of a nucleicacid that encodes one or more antibody chains in a cell (e.g., see U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,745,055; 4,444,487; WO 88/03565; EP 256,654; EP 120,694; EP125,023; Faoulkner et al., Nature 298:286, 1982; Morrison, J. Immunol.123:793, 1979; Morrison et al., Ann Rev. Immunol 2:239, 1984).

The term antibody also includes an antigen binding fragment of anaturally occurring or recombinant antibody. Specific, non-limitingexamples of binding fragments encompassed within the term antibodyinclude (i) a Fab fragment consisting of the V_(L), V_(H), C_(L) andC_(H1) domains; (ii) an F_(d) fragment consisting of the V_(H) andC_(H1) domains; (iii) an Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domainsof a single arm of an antibody, (iv) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., Nature341:544-546, 1989) which consists of a V_(H) domain; (v) an isolatedcomplementarity determining region (CDR); and (vi) a F(ab′)₂ fragment, abivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfidebridge at the hinge region.

Cancer: A malignant neoplasm that has undergone characteristic anaplasiawith loss of differentiation, increased rate of growth, invasion ofsurrounding tissue, and is capable of metastasis. Residual cancer iscancer that remains in a subject after any form of treatment given tothe subject to reduce or eradicate cancer. Metastatic cancer is a cancerat one or more sites in the body other than the site of origin of theoriginal (primary) cancer from which the metastatic cancer is derived.

Chemotherapy; chemotherapeutic agents: As used herein, any chemicalagent with therapeutic usefulness in the treatment of diseasescharacterized by abnormal cell growth. Such diseases include tumors,neoplasms and cancer as well as diseases characterized by hyperplasticgrowth such as psoriasis. In one embodiment, a chemotherapeutic agent isan agent of use in treating neoplasms such as solid tumors. In oneembodiment, a chemotherapeutic agent is a radioactive molecule. One ofskill in the art can readily identify a chemotherapeutic agent of use(e.g., see, Slapak and Kufe, Principles of Cancer Therapy, Chapter 86 inHarrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th edition; Perry et al.,Chemotherapy, Ch. 17 in Abeloff, Clinical Oncology 2^(nd) ed., 2000Churchill Livingstone, Inc; Baltzer L, Berkery R (eds): Oncology PocketGuide to Chemotherapy, 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1995; FischerD S, Knobf M F, Durivage H J (eds): The Cancer Chemotherapy Handbook,4th ed. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1993). The immunogenic VEGFR-2/KDRpeptides disclosed herein can be used in conjunction with additionalchemotherapeutic agents.

Dendritic cell (DC): Dendritic cells are the principal antigenpresenting cells (APCs) involved in primary immune responses. Dendriticcells include plasmacytoid dendritic cells and myeloid dendritic cells.Their major function is to obtain antigen in tissues, migrate tolymphoid organs and present the antigen in order to activate T cells.Immature dendritic cells originate in the bone marrow and reside in theperiphery as immature cells.

Epitope: An antigenic determinant. An epitope is the particular chemicalgroups or peptide sequences on a molecule that are antigenic, that is,that elicit a specific immune response. An antibody specifically binds aparticular antigenic epitope, e.g., on a polypeptide. Epitopes can beformed both from contiguous amino acids or noncontiguous amino acidsjuxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein. Epitopes formed fromcontiguous amino acids are typically retained on exposure to denaturingsolvents whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically loston treatment with denaturing solvents. An epitope typically includes atleast 3, and more usually, at least 5, about 9, or 8 to 10 amino acidsin a unique spatial conformation. Methods of determining spatialconformation of epitopes include, for example, x-ray crystallography and2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. See, e.g., “Epitope MappingProtocols” in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 66, Glenn E. Morris, Ed(1996). In one embodiment, an epitope binds an MHC molecule, such an HLAmolecule or a DR molecule. These molecules bind polypeptides having thecorrect anchor amino acids separated by about eight to about ten aminoacids, such as nine amino acids.

Immune response: A response of a cell of the immune system, such as a Bcell, T cell, or monocyte, to a stimulus. In one embodiment, theresponse is specific for a particular antigen (an “antigen-specificresponse”). In one embodiment, an immune response is a T cell response,such as a CD4+ response or a CD8+ response. In another embodiment, theresponse is a B cell (or humoral immune) response, and results in theproduction of specific antibodies, that is, an antibody response.

Immunologically effective amount: An immunologically effective amount ofan antigen is an amount which elicits an immune response followingadministration to a subject. For example, a prophylactically effectiveamount, e.g., of a vaccine, elicits a protective immune response thatprevents or inhibits at least one symptom of a disease uponadministration to a subject. A therapeutically effective amount elicitsan immune response that reduces at least one symptom of a disease orameliorates at least one condition associated with a disease. Forexample, administration of a therapeutically effective amount of aVEGFR-2/KDR peptide is sufficient to elicit an immune response thatreduces, inhibits or prevents formation of blood vessels associated withtumor progression or metastasis.

Inhibiting or treating a disease: Inhibiting a disease, such as tumorgrowth, refers to inhibiting the full development of a disease or toreducing or inhibiting a symptom of the disease. “Treatment” refers to atherapeutic or prophylactic intervention that ameliorates a sign orsymptom of a disease or pathological condition related to the disease,such as the tumor.

Isolated: An “isolated” biological component (such as a protein) hasbeen substantially separated or purified away from other biologicalcomponents in the cell of the organism in which the component naturallyoccurs, i.e., chromosomal and extra-chromosomal DNA and RNA, otherproteins and organelles. Proteins and peptides that have been “isolated”include proteins and peptides purified by standard purification methods.The term also includes proteins and peptides prepared by recombinantexpression in a host cell, as well as chemically synthesized proteinsand peptides.

Lymphocytes: A type of white blood cell that is involved in the immunedefenses of the body. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cellsand T cells.

Major Histocompatibility (MHC) molecule: The Major Histocompatibilitymolecules are proteins encoded by polymorphic genes located on humanchromosome 6 (HLA loci) and mouse chromosome 13 (H-2 loci) that presentantigens to T cells, e.g., on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Tcells expressing CD8 interact with peptides presented by MHC Class Imolecules, whereas T cells expressing CD4 interact with peptidespresented by MHC Class II molecules.

Mammal: This term includes both human and non-human mammals. Similarly,the term “subject” includes both human and veterinary subjects.

Neoplasm: An abnormal cellular proliferation, which includes benign andmalignant tumors, as well as other proliferative disorders.

Peptide: A chain of amino acids of between 3 and 30 amino acids inlength, (a chain of two amino acids is typically referred to as adipeptide). More commonly, a peptide is between 5 and 25 amino acids(e.g., between 7 and 15 amino acids). For example, a peptide can be atleast 5 amino acids, or at least about 7 amino acids, or 8 amino acids,or 9 amino acids, or 10 amino acids, or up to about 12 amino acids,e.g., 11 amino acids, 12 amino acids or 13 amino acids.

Protein Purification: Protein purification is the process by whichnaturally occurring or synthetic polypeptides are isolated from thematerials with which they were associated during synthesis. Similarly,purification of a peptide is the process by which a peptide is isolatedfrom the materials with which it was associated during synthesis, e.g.,artificially synthesized or enzymatically produced by digestion of apolypeptide. The VEGFR-2/KDR peptides disclosed herein can be purified(and/or synthesized) by any of the means known in the art (see, e.g.,Guide to Protein Purification, ed. Deutscher, Meth. Enzymol. 185,Academic Press, San Diego, 1990; and Scopes, Protein Purification:Principles and Practice, Springer Verlag, New York, 1982). Substantialpurification denotes purification from other cellular or syntheticcomponents. A substantially purified protein is at least about 60%, 70%,80%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% pure. Thus, in one specific, non-limitingexample, a substantially purified peptide is 90% free of other syntheticcomponents.

Purified: The term purified does not require absolute purity; rather, itis intended as a relative term. Thus, for example, a purified peptide isone in which the peptide is more enriched than the peptide uponcompletion of artificial synthesis. In one embodiment, a preparation ispurified such that the peptide represents at least about 60% (such as,but not limited to, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99%) of the total peptideor content of the preparation.

Subject: Living multi-cellular vertebrate organisms, a category thatincludes both human and veterinary subjects, including human andnon-human mammals.

Subsequence: A subsequence of a peptide, polypeptide or nucleic acid(polynucleotide) is any portion of the reference peptide, polypeptide ornucleic acid up to and including the entire reference molecule.

T Cell: A white blood cell critical to the immune response. T cellsinclude, but are not limited to, CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells. A CD4⁺ Tlymphocyte is an immune cell that carries a marker on its surface knownas “cluster of differentiation 4” (CD4). These cells, also known ashelper T cells, help orchestrate the immune response, including antibodyresponses as well as killer T cell responses. CD8⁺ T cells carry the“cluster of differentiation 8” (CD8) marker. In one embodiment, a CD8 Tcell is a cytotoxic T lymphocyte.

Immunogenic VEGFR-2 Peptides

Peptides corresponding to amino acid subsequences of VascularEndothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGFR-2)/KDR that include anantigenic epitope of the receptor, which binds to MHC Class I, can beused as vaccines to generate an immune response specific forVEGFR-2/KDR. These peptides are VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptides.VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptides include peptide subsequences of amammalian VEGFR-2/KDR receptor. The murine (mouse) VEGFR-2/KDR sequenceis represented by SEQ ID NO:1, and can be found in GENBANK® underaccession no: P35918. The human VEGFR-2/KDR sequence is represented bySEQ ID NO:2, and can be found in GENBANK® under accession no: P35968.The mouse and human VEGFR-2/KDR receptors are members of a genus oforthologues, additional members of which can be identified by searchingGENBANK® or other electronic sequence databases.

In some embodiments, the immune response produced followingadministration of VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptides targets vascularendothelial cells that express VEGFR-2/KDR, and inhibits theirproliferation. Because VEGFR-2/KDR is highly expressed by endothelialcells during angiogenesis associated with tumor progression andmetastasis, the immune response produced following administration of theVEGFR-2/KDR peptides preferentially targets tumor associatedangiogenesis.

Peptides presented in the context of MHC Class I molecules of an antigenpresenting cell (APC) are bound by T cell receptors (TCRs) on thesurface of CD8 expressing cells. Binding of the TCR in conjunction withthe interaction of CD8 and MHC Class I initiates a signaling pathwaythat results in proliferation and activation of VEGFR-2/KDR specificcytotoxic T cells. These cytotoxic T cells subsequently bind to and killtarget cells expressing VEGFR-2/KDR, inhibiting tumor associatedangiogenesis. Thus, the disclosed VEGFR-2/KDR peptides can be used astherapeutically and/or prophylactically as vaccines to induce ananti-angiogenic immune response.

The amino acid sequence of the VEGFR-2/KDR peptides is such that itcontains an amino acid motif involved in binding to a MHC Class Imolecule. Such an amino acid motif can be referred to as a Class Ibinding “anchor motif.” For example, the human Class I molecule HLA-A2(0201) binds to the following anchor motif: X[L/M]X₅₋₇[L/V]. To simplifyreference to amino acid sequences, the following conventions areemployed throughout this specification. All amino acids are designatedusing International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry-InternationalUnion of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUPAC-IUB) nomenclature.Thus, X is any (unspecified) amino acid, L is leucine, M is methionineand V is valine. Where two amino acids are enclosed within brackets [],and/or separated by a solidus (/), either amino acid can be located atthe specified position within the sequence. A numerical subscriptindicates a specified plurality of residues, thus X₅ indicates fiveunspecified amino acids. X₅₋₇ indicates 5 or 6 or 7 unspecified aminoacids. For convenience, the specified amino acids (indicated abovewithin brackets), which are the predominant determinants of Class Ibinding are designated “anchor residues.”

Immunogenic peptides can be identified using anchor motifs or othermethods, such as neural net or polynomial determinations, known in theart, see, e.g., RANKPEP (available on the world wide web at:mif.dfci.harvard.edu/Tools/rankpep.html); ProPredI (available on theworld wide web at: imtech.res.in/raghava/propredI/index.html); Bimas(available on the world wide web at:www-bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/molbi/hla_bind/index.html); and SYFPEITH(available on the world wide web at:syfpeithi.bmi-heidelberg.com/scripts/MHCServer.dll/home.htm). Forexample, algorithms are used to determine the “binding threshold” ofpeptides, and to select those with scores that give them a highprobability of MHC or antibody binding at a certain affinity. Thealgorithms are based either on the effects on MHC binding of aparticular amino acid at a particular position, the effects on antibodybinding of a particular amino acid at a particular position, or theeffects on binding of a particular substitution in a motif-containingpeptide. Within the context of an immunogenic peptide, a “conservedresidue” is one which appears in a significantly higher frequency thanwould be expected by random distribution at a particular position in apeptide. Anchor residues are conserved residues that provide a contactpoint with the MHC molecule.

Immunogenic peptides can also be identified by measuring their bindingto a specific MHC protein (e.g., HLA-A*0201) and by their ability tostimulate CD8+ T cells when presented in the context of the MHC protein.

Exemplary mouse VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptides include VILTNPISM(KDR2: SEQ ID NO:3) and FSNSTNDILI (KDR3: SEQ ID NO:4). These exemplarypeptides are indicative of a genus of MHC Class I binding peptidescharacterized by the internal consensus sequence “TNXI.” As discussedbelow, substantially identical peptides that maintain the internal TNXIconsensus sequence are also predicted to be immunogenic VEGFR-2/KDRpeptides.

Exemplary human VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptides include VLLWEIFSL (SEQID NO:5), ALIEGKNKT (SEQ ID NO:6), AMFFWLLLV (SEQ ID NO:7), VLLAVALWL(SEQ ID NO:8), LMTKKNSTFV (SEQ ID NO:9), FLSTLTIDGV (SEQ ID NO:10),WLLLVIILRT (SEQ ID NO:11). These immunogenic VEGFR-2/KDR peptides arerepresentative of a genus of peptides that share a common MHC Class Ianchor motif represented by the sequence: X[L/M]X₅₋₇[L/V]. While thesepeptides share an anchor motif that is predictive of binding to theHLA-A*0201 allele, certain of these peptides will also bind to differentHLA-A2 alleles and to different Class I molecules. These peptides can bedetermined according to the methods outlined above.

In addition to the exemplary peptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs:3-11,substantially identical peptides that include one or more amino acidadditions, deletions or substitutions (with respect to any one of SEQ IDNOs:3-11), which maintain the capacity to bind to MHC Class I molecules,and which elicit an immune response involving T cells (and/orantibodies) that interact with VEGFR-2/KDR are also included among theimmunogenic peptides of this disclosure.

A substantially identical peptide to one (or more than one) of SEQ IDNOs: 3-11 is a peptide that shares substantial sequence identity withthe reference sequence. That is, the substantially identical peptideconsists of predominantly identical amino acid residues. Sequenceidentity is frequently measured in terms of percentage identity (orsimilarity); the higher the percentage, the more similar the twosequences are. Variants of a VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptide possess ahigh degree of sequence identity when aligned using standard methods.

Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in theart. Various programs and alignment algorithms are described in: Smithand Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482, 1981; Needleman and Wunsch, J.Mol. Biol. 48:443, 1970; Higgins and Sharp, Gene 73:237, 1988; Higginsand Sharp, CABIOS 5:151, 1989; Corpet et al., Nucleic Acids Research16:10881, 1988; and Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA85:2444, 1988. Altschul et al., Nature Genet. 6:119, 1994, presents adetailed consideration of sequence alignment methods and homologycalculations.

The NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al., J.Mol. Biol. 215:403, 1990) is available from several sources, includingthe National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, Md.)and on the internet, for use in connection with the sequence analysisprograms blastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn and tblastx. A description ofhow to determine sequence identity using this program is available onthe NCBI website on the internet.

A substantially identical variant of a VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptideis typically characterized by at least about 70%, for example at leastabout 80%, and usually at least about 90% or more, sequence identitycounted over the entire peptide sequence. Such an alignment can beperformed manually or with the assistance of a sequence alignmentprogram such as BLAST. Thus, a substantially identical variant of one ofSEQ ID NOs:3-11 can have one amino acid addition, deletion orsubstitution. Some substantially identical variants can have as many astwo, and in some cases, as many as three, amino acid additions,deletions or substitution. Nonetheless, the peptides retain the MHCClass I binding and antigenic properties of the exemplary VEGFR-2/KDRimmunogenic peptides. Methods for confirming MHC Class I bindingproperties, and antigenicity are described below, e.g., in the Examplessection.

For example, a substantially identical variant of a VEGFR-2/KDRimmunogenic peptide can have one, two (or as many as three) conservativeamino acid substitutions. A “conservative” amino acid substitutions is asubstitution that does not substantially reduce the ability of thepeptide to bind MHC or alter the antigenicity of an epitope ofVEGFR-2/KDR. Specific, non-limiting examples of conservativesubstitutions include the following examples provided in Table 1. TABLE1 Blosum similarity matrix Amino Acid Conservative Substitutions G A, S,N P E D S, K, Q, H, N, E E P, D, S, R, K, Q, H, N N G, D, E, T, S, R, K,Q, H H D, E, N, M, R, Q Q D, E, N, H, M, S, R, K K D, E, N, Q, R R E, N,H, Q, K S G, D, E, N, Q, A, T T N, S, V, A A G, S, T, V M H, Q, Y, F, L,I, V V T, A, M, F, L, I I M, V, Y, F, L L M, V, I, Y, F F M, V, I, L, W,Y Y H, M, I, L, F, W W F, Y C None

The term conservative variant also includes the use of a substitutedamino acid in place of an unsubstituted parent amino acid, provided thatantibodies raised to the substituted polypeptide also immunoreact withthe unsubstituted polypeptide. Non-conservative substitutions are thosethat reduce MHC binding or antigenicity.

Typically, any amino acid substitutions in an VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenicpeptide will occur in a position that is not involved in MHC Class Ibinding. Nonetheless, so long as the anchor motif is maintained, certainsubstitutions in the anchor residues are predicted to preserve MHC ClassI binding. For example, substitution of leucine for methionine is apredicted conservative mutation in the context of an HLA-A2 bindingpeptide. Thus, a conservative variant of the peptide of SEQ ID NO:7(AMFFWLLLV) can have a leucine substituted for methionine at amino acidposition two. Similarly, a conservative variant of the peptide of SEQ IDNO:9 includes a peptide with a leucine substituted for methionine atposition two. Likewise, a conservative variant of the peptide of SEQ IDNO:9 includes a peptide with a leucine substituted for phenylalanine atposition nine. As indicated in these examples, a conservative variantcan have a single substituted amino acid selected from groups ofconservative amino acid substitutions given in Table 1. A conservativevariant can sometimes include more than one amino acid substitution. Forexample, a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO:9 can include two aminoacid substitutions such as a leucine for methionine substitution atposition two and a leucine for phenylalanine substitution at positionnine. In all of the preceding examples, the substituted amino acid aredesignated, the remaining amino acids are identical to those of thereference peptide sequence. Conservative variants can also include one(or two, or rarely three) amino acid additions or deletions. Suchadditions or deletions can be at the ends of the peptide sequence, orcan be internal, so long as the anchor residues are maintained. Forexample, the peptide sequence VIAMFFWLL (SEQ ID NO:12) is a variant thatcomprises a deletion of two amino acids at one end and a concomitantaddition of two amino acids at the other end, relative to AMFFWLLLV (SEQID NO:7), maintains the anchor residues, and thus, is substantiallysimilar to the peptide of SEQ ID NO:7.

Any of the peptides described above can be produced by well-knownchemical synthesis methods. Chemical synthesis of peptides is describedin the following publications: S. B. H. Kent, Biomedical Polymers, eds.Goldberg and Nakajima, Academic Press, New York, pp. 213-242, 1980;Mitchell et al., J. Org. Chem., 43, 2845-2852, 1978; Tam, et al., Tet.Letters, 4033-4036, 1979; Mojsov, A. R. Mitchell, and R. B. Merrifield,J. Org. Chem., 45, 555-560, 1980; Tam et al., Tet. Letters, 2851-2854,1981; and Kent et al., Proceedings of the IV International Symposium onMethods of Protein Sequence Analysis, (Brookhaven Press, Brookhaven,N.Y., 1981. Alternatively, the peptides can be produced usingrecombinant nucleic acid technology, for example, by expressingrecombinant nucleic acids that encode a fusion protein including thedesired peptide. Following expression in a suitable cell line, thepeptide can be isolated and cleaved from the fusion protein.

In addition to the VEGFR-2/KDR peptides of SEQ ID NOs:3-11, analogs(non-peptide organic molecules), derivatives (chemically functionalizedpeptide molecules obtained starting with the disclosed peptidesequences) and variants (homologs) of these peptides can be utilized inthe methods described herein. Each peptide of this disclosure iscomprised of a sequence of amino acids, which can be either L- and/orD-amino acids, naturally occurring and otherwise.

Peptides can be modified by a variety of chemical techniques to producederivatives having essentially the same activity as the unmodifiedpeptides, and optionally having other desirable properties. For example,carboxylic acid groups of the protein, whether carboxyl-terminal or sidechain, can be provided in the form of a salt of apharmaceutically-acceptable cation or esterified to form a C₁-C₁₆ ester,or converted to an amide of formula NR₁R₂ wherein R₁ and R₂ are eachindependently H or C₁-C₁₆ alkyl, or combined to form a heterocyclicring, such as a 5- or 6-membered ring. Amino groups of the peptide,whether amino-terminal or side chain, can be in the form of apharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salt, such as the HCl, HBr,acetic, benzoic, toluene sulfonic, maleic, tartaric and other organicsalts, or can be modified to C₁-C₁₆ alkyl or dialkyl amino or furtherconverted to an amide.

Hydroxyl groups of the peptide side chains may be converted to C₁-C₁₆alkoxy or to a C₁-C₁₆ ester using well-recognized techniques. Phenyl andphenolic rings of the peptide side chains may be substituted with one ormore halogen atoms, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, orwith C₁-C₁₆ alkyl, C₁-C₁₆ alkoxy, carboxylic acids and esters thereof,or amides of such carboxylic acids. Methylene groups of the peptide sidechains can be extended to homologous C₂-C₄ alkylenes. Thiols can beprotected with any one of a number of well-recognized protecting groups,such as acetamide groups. Those skilled in the art will also recognizemethods for introducing cyclic structures into the peptides of thisinvention to select and provide conformational constraints to thestructure that result in enhanced stability.

Peptidomimetic and organomimetic variants include compounds in which thethree-dimensional arrangement of the chemical constituents of suchpeptido- and organomimetics mimics the three-dimensional arrangement ofthe peptide backbone and component amino acid side chains of aVEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptide. These are peptido- and organomimeticsof an immunogenic VEGFR-2/KDR, and can have measurable or enhancedability to generate an immune response. For computer modelingapplications, a pharmacophore is an idealized three-dimensionaldefinition of the structural requirements for biological activity.Peptido- and organomimetics can be designed to fit each pharmacophorewith current computer modeling software (using computer assisted drugdesign or CADD). See Walters, “Computer-Assisted Modeling of Drugs,” inKlegerman & Groves, eds., 1993, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, InterpharmPress: Buffalo Grove, Ill., pp. 165-174 and Principles of Pharmacology,Munson (ed.) 1995, Ch. 102, for descriptions of techniques used in CADD.Also included are mimetics prepared using such techniques.

The ability of any of the above described peptides to bind MHC Class Ican be confirmed using assays available in the art. For example, theability of a murine VEGFR-2/KDR peptide to bind a mouse Class Imolecule, such as H-2Db can be determined in a MHC stabilization assayemploying RMA-S cells as described in Lyman et al., J. Virol.76:3125-3134, 2002, and in the EXAMPLES Section below. The ability of ahuman VEGFR-2/KDR peptide to bind a human Class I molecule, such as anHLA-A2 protein can be evaluated in a T2 MHC binding assay as describedby Cerundolo et al., Nature 342:449-452, 1990. In brief, T2 cells arecultured in RPMI1640 with 10% FBS, and grown in 5% CO₂ at 37° C. Cells(1×10⁵) in a volume of 100 μl of RPMI 1640 (serum free) are aliquotedinto 96-well, U-bottomed plates and incubated with peptide at a finalconcentration of 0.1-100 μM plus 5 nM β₂ microglobulin (CymbusBiotechnology Ltd., Chandlers Ford, Hampshire, United Kingdom) for 18 hat 37° C. in 5% CO₂. The level of stabilized HLA-A2 on the surface ofthe T2 cells is detected using the pan HLA class I monoclonal antibodyW6/32 (European Collection of Animal Cell Cultures (ECACC), Porton Down,Salisbury) that recognizes stabilized HLA-A2 complexes. The primarymonoclonal antibody can be labeled or can be detected using, e.g., alabeled goat antimouse IgG (Cambridge Biosciences, Cambridge, UnitedKingdom) as the second layer. Samples are fixed in 1% paraformaldehydein PBS prior to analysis and analyzed on a Becton Dickinson FACSCAN®.

The ability of a specific peptide to elicit an immune response can beconfirmed as described in the EXAMPLES. For example, the ability of apeptide to stimulate the production of interferon-γ (IFNγ) producing CTLcan be evaluated using an IFN-Elispot assay, which measures thefrequency of IFN producing T cells that respond to the peptide.Appropriate mouse (as described in the Materials and Methods section) orhuman cells are used to present the peptide. Following co-culture withsplenocytes or peripheral blood cells, IFNγ producing cells arequantitated. Confirmation that the IFNγ response is due to CD8+ CTLspecific for the peptide can be obtained using a MHC Class I tetramerassay, as described below.

In addition, the ability of the peptide elicited immune response toinhibit angiogenesis can be ascertained using a Matrigel plug assay.Details of the assay are provided below in the Materials and MethodsSection. This assay can be adapted to evaluate human peptides simply byconducting the assay in a transgenic mouse that expresses human HLA-A2and human VEGFR-2/KDR.

The ability of the peptide elicited immune response to inhibitangiogenesis can also be evaluated in vivo, in a wound healing assay.Two weeks after the vaccination with peptide(s), transgenic micecarrying a human HLA A2 transgene and wild type (C57BL/6) control miceare subject to punch biopsy under general anesthetic (ketamine/xylazine,75/10 mg/kg IP). One or more circular wounds of approximately 3-mmdiameter are inflicted on the dorsal area using a sterile biopsy punchinstrument. Typically multiple wounds (for example, four) are inflictedon each animal to increase observation points and reduce the number ofanimals required. Time until wound closure is then evaluated.

Immunogenic Compositions

The VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptides disclosed herein can beadministered to a subject to elicit an immune response. Such an immuneresponse can be a therapeutic (including a prophylactic immuneresponse), in particular, an anti-angiogenic and/or anti-tumor immuneresponse. An immune response elicited by administration of theVEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptide(s) typically includes a T cell response,e.g., a cytotoxic T cell response that targets cells expressingVEGFR-2/KDR. Accordingly, methods for making a medicament orpharmaceutical composition containing the VEGFR-2/KDR peptides describedabove are included herein. The pharmaceutical compositions (medicaments)include at least one isolated or synthetic MHC Class I-binding peptidethat includes a subsequence of VEGFR-2/KDR or one or more isolatedantigen presenting cells (APCs) that present the VEGFR-2/KDR peptides ona cell surface MHC Class I molecule, in a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier or excipient.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions include thepeptides represented by SEQ ID NO:3 and/or SEQ ID NO:4, or substantiallyidentical peptides, as described above.

In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions (medicaments)include one or more human VEGFR-2/KDR peptides. For example, apharmaceutical composition can contain an immunologically effectiveamount of a human VEGFR-2/KDR peptide that is capable of binding to ahuman MHC Class I protein and eliciting an immune response. Animmunogenic composition can thus include, an immunologically effectiveamount of any of the peptides VLLWEIFSL (SEQ ID NO:5), ALIEGKNKT (SEQ IDNO:6), AMFFWLLLV (SEQ ID NO:7), VLLAVALWL (SEQ ID NO:8), LMTKKNSTFV (SEQID NO:9), FLSTLTIDGV (SEQ ID NO:10), or WLLLVIILRT (SEQ ID NO:11).Alternatively, an immunogenic composition can include a combination ofVEGFR-2/KDR peptides (for example, a plurality of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10 and/or 11), in any combination. For example, in one specificembodiment, the composition contains a combination of the followingpeptides: VLLWEIFSL (SEQ ID NO:5), ALIEGKNKT (SEQ ID NO:6), andAMFFWLLLV (SEQ ID NO:7). Alternatively or additionally, the immunogeniccompositions can include one or more substantially identical immunogenicpeptide, which include one or a small number of amino acid additions,deletions or substitutions with respect to any of SEQ ID NOs:5-11.

In one specific, non-limiting example the pharmaceutical composition(medicament) includes about 0.1 μg to about 1,000 μg, for example, atleast about 1 μg, or at least about 10 μg to about 100 μg, or to about500 μg, of one or a plurality of selected VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenicpeptides (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:3-11). The immunogenic TARP polypeptide canalso be administered with agents that promote dendritic cell maturation.Specific, non-limiting examples of agents of use are interleukin-4(IL-4) and granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), orflt-3 ligand (flt-3L).

Typically, preparation of an pharmaceutical composition (medicament)entails preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is essentially freeof pyrogens, as well as any other impurities that could be harmful tohumans or animals. Typically, the pharmaceutical composition containsappropriate salts and buffers to render the components of thecomposition stable and allow for presentation of the peptides by antigenpresenting cells.

Aqueous compositions typically include an effective amount of thepeptide dispersed (for example, dissolved or suspended) in apharmaceutically acceptable carrier or aqueous medium. The phrases“pharmaceutically acceptable” or “pharmacologically acceptable” refer tomolecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse,allergic or other undesirable reaction when administered to a human oranimal subject. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier”includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterialand antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and thelike. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical activesubstances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventionalmedia or agent is incompatible with production of an immune response bya VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptide, its use in the immunogeniccompositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients also canbe incorporated into the compositions. For example, certainpharmaceutical compositions can include the peptides in water, mixedwith a suitable surfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersionsalso can be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, andmixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage anduse, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth ofmicroorganisms.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients are known to those ofordinary skill in the described, e.g., in Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, by E. W. Martin, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 15thEdition (1975), describes compositions and formulations suitable forpharmaceutical delivery of the fusion proteins herein disclosed.

In general, the nature of the carrier will depend on the particular modeof administration being employed. For instance, parenteral formulationsusually comprise injectable fluids that include pharmaceutically andphysiologically acceptable fluids such as water, physiological saline,balanced salt solutions, aqueous dextrose, glycerol or the like as avehicle. For solid compositions (e.g., powder, pill, tablet, or capsuleforms), conventional non-toxic solid carriers can include, for example,pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, or magnesiumstearate. In addition to biologically neutral carriers, pharmaceuticalcompositions to be administered can contain minor amounts of non-toxicauxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents,preservatives, and pH buffering agents and the like, for example sodiumacetate or sorbitan monolaurate.

For example, the pharmaceutical compositions (medicaments) can includeone or more of a stabilizing detergent, a micelle-forming agent, and anoil. Suitable stabilizing detergents, micelle-forming agents, and oilsare detailed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,103; 5,709,860; 5,270,202; and U.S.Pat. No. 5,695,770. A stabilizing detergent is any detergent that allowsthe components of the emulsion to remain as a stable emulsion. Suchdetergents include polysorbate, 80 (TWEEN)(Sorbitan-mono-9-octadecenoate-poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl; manufactured byICI Americas, Wilmington, Del.), TWEEN 40™, TWEEN 20™, TWEEN 60™,Zwittergent™ 3-12, TEEPOL HB7™, and SPAN 85™. These detergents areusually provided in an amount of approximately 0.05 to 0.5%, such as atabout 0.2%. A micelle forming agent is an agent which is able tostabilize the emulsion formed with the other components such that amicelle-like structure is formed. Such agents generally cause someirritation at the site of injection in order to recruit macrophages toenhance the cellular response. Examples of such agents include polymersurfactants described by BASF Wyandotte publications, e.g., Schmolka, J.Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 54:110, 1977, and Hunter et al., J. Immunol129:1244, 1981, PLURONIC™ L62LF, L101, and L64, PEG1000, and TETRONIC™1501, 150R1, 701, 901, 1301, and 130R1. The chemical structures of suchagents are well known in the art. In one embodiment, the agent is chosento have a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of between 0 and 2, asdefined by Hunter and Bennett, J. Immun. 133:3167, 1984. The agent canbe provided in an effective amount, for example between 0.5 and 10%, orin an amount between 1.25 and 5%.

The oil included in the composition is chosen to promote the retentionof the antigen in oil-in-water emulsion, i.e., to provide a vehicle forthe desired antigen, and preferably has a melting temperature of lessthan 65° C. such that emulsion is formed either at room temperature(about 20° C. to 25° C.), or once the temperature of the emulsion isbrought down to room temperature. Examples of such oils includesqualene, Squalane, EICOSANE™, tetratetracontane, glycerol, and peanutoil or other vegetable oils. In one specific, non-limiting example, theoil is provided in an amount between 1 and 10%, or between 2.5 and 5%.The oil should be both biodegradable and biocompatible so that the bodycan break down the oil over time, and so that no adverse affects, suchas granulomas, are evident upon use of the oil.

An adjuvant can be included in the composition. In one embodiment, theadjuvant is a mixture of stabilizing detergents, micelle-forming agent,and oil available under the name Provax®) (IDEC Pharmaceuticals, SanDiego, Calif.). An adjuvant can also be an immunostimulatory nucleicacid, such as a nucleic acid including a CpG motif.

In other embodiments, the immunogenic compositions (medicaments) includeantigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, which havebeen pulsed or co-incubated with one or more VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenicpeptides in vitro. Typically, the APCs are in a suspension in apharmaceutically acceptable carrier or medium, which preserves theviability and activity of the APCs. In one specific, non-limitingexample, the antigen presenting cells can be autologous cells. Atherapeutically effective amount of the antigen presenting cells canthen be administered to a subject.

The VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptide(s) can be delivered to the APCs orto APC precursors via any method known in the art, including, but notlimited to, pulsing APCs directly with antigen. For example, humanperipheral blood mononuclear cells can be separated from peripheralblood by centrifugation over Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden).Monocytes can be enriched by adherence to a plastic tissue culture flaskfor 90 minutes at 37° C. Adherent cells are then cultured for 7 dayswith 1000 units/ml GM-CSF and 1000 units/ml IL-4 in RPMI with 7%autologous serum. DCs are harvested with vigorous washing, and the DCphenotype is confirmed by flow cytometry using antibodies specific forCD14, CD80, CD86, MHC Class I and HLA-DR. DCs (1×10⁶/ml) are pulsed with50 μg/ml of each peptide for 3 hours at room temperature in normalsaline with 1% human albumin. Then, the DCs are washed twice andresuspended in normal saline with 1% human albumin beforeadministration.

Alternatively, VEGFR-2/KDR peptides can be delivered to APCs utilizing abroad variety of antigen delivery vehicles, such as, for example,liposomes, or other vectors known to deliver antigen to cells.

Therapeutic Methods

The pharmaceutical compositions (medicaments) can be prepared for use intherapeutic (including prophylactic) regimens (e.g., vaccines) andadministered to human or non-human subjects to elicit an immune responseagainst one or more VEGFR-2/KDR epitopes. For example, the compositionsdescribed herein can be administered to a human (or non-human) subjectto inhibit angiogenesis and/or to inhibit the growth, progression ormetastasis of a tumor. Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions describedabove can be administered to a subject to elicit an anti-angiogenic oranti-tumor immune response. In other embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcompositions are administered to inhibit (treat) an autoimmune conditionor disease characterized by or involving neovascularization. Suchautoimmune disorders include, for example, rheumatoid arthritis,diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus (e.g., chorioretinalneovascularization), psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, and otherinflammatory diseases of the skin. To elicit an immune response, atherapeutically effective (e.g., immunologically effective) amount ofthe VEGFR-2/KDR peptide(s) or a therapeutically effective amount of theAPCs that present the VEGFR-2/KDR peptide(s) are administered to asubject, such as a human (or non-human) subject.

A “therapeutically effective amount” is a quantity of a chemicalcomposition or a cell to achieve a desired effect in a subject beingtreated. For instance, this can be the amount necessary to inhibit tumorgrowth or to measurably alter outward symptoms of the tumor. In thecontext of an autoimmune disorder, a therapeutically effective amount isan amount that produces an observable improvement in at least onesymptom of the disorder, such as joint tenderness, swelling, pain, lossof mobility, etc., in the case of rheumatoid arthritis. Whenadministered to a subject, a dosage will generally be used that willachieve target tissue concentrations (for example, in lymphocytes) thatis empirically determined to achieve an in vitro effect. Such dosagescan be determined without undue experimentation by those of ordinaryskill in the art.

In exemplary applications, compositions are administered to a patientsuffering from a disease, such as a cancer or an autoimmune disease, inan amount sufficient to raise an immune response againstVEGFR-2/KDR-expressing cells. Administration induces a sufficient immuneresponse to slow the proliferation of such cells or to inhibit theirgrowth, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis and/or reducing a sign or asymptom of the tumor. Amounts effective for this use will depend uponthe severity of the disease, the general state of the patient's health,and the robustness of the patient's immune system. A therapeuticallyeffective amount of the compound is that which provides eithersubjective relief of a symptom(s) or an objectively identifiableimprovement as noted by the clinician or other qualified observer.

A pharmaceutical composition including a VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptidecan be administered by any means known to one of skill in the art (seeBanga, A., “Parenteral Controlled Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides andProteins,” in Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins, Technomic PublishingCo., Inc., Lancaster, Pa., 1995) such as by intramuscular, subcutaneous,or intravenous injection, but even oral, nasal, or anal administrationis contemplated. In one embodiment, administration is by subcutaneous orintramuscular injection. To extend the time during which the peptide orprotein is available to stimulate a response, the peptide can beprovided as an implant, an oily injection, or as a particulate system.The particulate system can be a microparticle, a microcapsule, amicrosphere, a nanocapsule, or similar particle. (see, e.g., Banga,supra). A particulate carrier based on a synthetic polymer has beenshown to act as an adjuvant to enhance the immune response, in additionto providing a controlled release. Aluminum salts can also be used asadjuvants to produce an immune response.

In one specific, non-limiting example, one or more VEGFR-2/KDR peptidesare administered to elicit a cellular immune response (e.g., a cytotoxicT lymphocyte (CTL) response). A number of means for inducing cellularresponses, both in vitro and in vivo, are known. Lipids have beenidentified as agents capable of assisting in priming CTL in vivo againstvarious antigens. For example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,662,907,palmitic acid residues can be attached to the alpha and epsilon aminogroups of a lysine residue and then linked (e.g., via one or morelinking residues, such as glycine, glycine-glycine, serine,serine-serine, or the like) to an immunogenic peptide. The lipidatedpeptide can then be injected directly in a micellar form, incorporatedin a liposome, or emulsified in an adjuvant. As another example, E. colilipoproteins, such as tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteinlyseryl-serine canbe used to prime tumor specific CTL when covalently attached to anappropriate peptide (see, Deres et al., Nature 342:561, 1989). Further,as the induction of neutralizing antibodies can also be primed with thesame molecule conjugated to a peptide which displays an appropriateepitope, two compositions can be combined to elicit both humoral andcell-mediated responses where that is deemed desirable.

In an embodiment, in conjunction with the production of a CTL responseto a VEGFR-2/KDR, a MHC Class II-restricted T-helper epitope is addedalong with the Class I restricted VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptide toinduce T-helper cells to secrete cytokines in the microenvironment toactivate CTL precursor cells. The technique further involves addingshort lipid molecules to retain the construct at the site of theinjection for several days to localize the antigen at the site of theinjection and enhance its proximity to dendritic cells or other“professional” antigen presenting cells over a period of time (see,Chesnut et al., “Design and Testing of Peptide-Based CytotoxicT-Cell-Mediated Immunotherapeutics to Treat Infectious Diseases andCancer,” in Powell et al., eds., Vaccine Design, the Subunit andAdjuvant Approach, Plenum Press, New York, 1995).

In one specific, non-limiting example, about 0.1 μg to 10 mg ofVEGFR2/KDR immunogenic peptide(s) are administered per subject per day.Dosages from 0.1 μg up to about 100 μg per subject per day can be used,particularly if the agent is administered to a secluded site and notinto the circulatory or lymph system, such as into a body cavity or intoa lumen of an organ. Actual methods for preparing administrablecompositions will be known or apparent to those skilled in the art andare described in more detail in such publications as RemingtonsPhamaceutical Sciences, 19^(th) Ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton,Pa., 1995.

The compositions can be administered for therapeutic treatments. Intherapeutic applications, a therapeutically effective amount of thecomposition is administered to a subject suffering from a disease, suchas a cancer or an autoimmune disorder. Single or multipleadministrations of the compositions are administered depending on thedosage and frequency as required and tolerated by the subject. In oneembodiment, the dosage is administered once as a bolus, but in anotherembodiment can be applied periodically until a therapeutic result isachieved. Generally, the dose is sufficient to treat or amelioratesymptoms or signs of disease without producing unacceptable toxicity tothe subject. Systemic or local administration can be utilized.

Controlled release parenteral formulations can be made as implants, oilyinjections, or as particulate systems. For a broad overview of proteindelivery systems, see Banga, Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins:Formulation, Processing, and Delivery Systems, Technomic PublishingCompany, Inc., Lancaster, Pa., 1995. Particulate systems includemicrospheres, microparticles, microcapsules, nanocapsules, nanospheres,and nanoparticles. Microcapsules contain the therapeutic protein as acentral core. In microspheres, the therapeutic agent is dispersedthroughout the particle. Particles, microspheres, and microcapsulessmaller than about 1 μm are generally referred to as nanoparticles,nanospheres, and nanocapsules, respectively. Capillaries have a diameterof approximately 5 μm so that only nanoparticles are administeredintravenously. Microparticles are typically around 100 μm in diameterand are administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly (see, Kreuter,Colloidal Drug Delivery Systems, J. Kreuter, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc.,New York, N.Y., pp. 219-342, 1994; Tice & Tabibi, Treatise on ControlledDrug Delivery, A. Kydonieus, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, N.Y.,pp. 315-339, 1992).

Polymers can be used for ion-controlled release. Various degradable andnondegradable polymeric matrices for use in controlled drug delivery areknown in the art (Langer, Accounts Chem. Res. 26:537, 1993). Forexample, the block copolymer, polaxamer 407 exists as a viscous yetmobile liquid at low temperatures but forms a semisolid gel at bodytemperature. It has shown to be an effective vehicle for formulation andsustained delivery of recombinant interleukin-2 and urease (Johnston etal., Pharm. Res. 9:425, 1992; and Pec, J. Parent. Sci. Tech. 44(2):58,1990). Alternatively, hydroxyapatite has been used as a microcarrier forcontrolled release of proteins (Ijntema et al., Int. J. Pharm. 112:215,1994). In yet another aspect, liposomes are used for controlled releaseas well as drug targeting of the lipid-capsulated drug (Betageri et al.,Liposome Drug Delivery Systems, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.,Lancaster, Pa., 1993). Numerous additional systems for controlleddelivery of therapeutic proteins are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.5,055,303; 5,188,837; 4,235,871; 4,501,728; 4,837,028; 4,957,735; and5,019,369; 5,055,303; 5,514,670; 5,413,797; 5,268,164; 5,004,697;4,902,505; 5,506,206; 5,271,961; 5,254,342; and 5,534,496).

In some embodiments, mature antigen presenting cells (APCs) aregenerated to present the VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptide(s). Mostcommonly, the APCs are dendritic cells (DCs), e.g., autologous DCsgenerated following isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells fromthe subject's blood. The DCs are loaded (e.g., pulsed) with one or moreVEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptides and administered to a subject (forexample, a subject with a tumor). The DCs are administered alone or inconjunction with one or more adjuvants, immunostimulatory agents,cytokines and/or chemotherapeutic agents. The specific regimen caninvolve administration of the various agents simultaneously or inseparate pharmaceutical compositions to be delivered at the same ordifferent times.

Alternatively, the APCs are used to sensitize CD8+ cells (e.g., CTLs),such as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from the target tumor orperipheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The TILs or PBLs can be from thesubject to be treated (autologous). Alternatively, the TILs or PBLs canbe from another subject (heterologous). However, where heterologouscells are used, they should at least be MHC Class-I restricted to theHLA haplotype of the subject. An effective amount of the sensitizedcells are then administered to the subject.

Peripheral blood or bone marrow can be used as the source of respondercells (e.g., CTL precursors). The appropriate antigen-presenting cellsare incubated with VEGFR-2/KDR peptide, after which the peptide-loadedantigen-presenting cells are then incubated with the responder cellpopulation under optimized culture conditions. Positive CTL activationcan be determined by assaying the culture for the presence of CTLs thatkill radio-labeled target cells, both specific peptide-pulsed targets aswell as target cells expressing endogenously processed forms of theantigen from which the peptide sequence was derived, such as VEGFR-2/KDR(e.g. SEQ ID NO: 2). The sensitized CD8+ cells can be administered to asubject to inhibit tumor associated angiogenesis and tumor growth.

In cell based applications, a therapeutically effective amount ofactivated antigen presenting cells, or activated lymphocytes, areadministered to a subject suffering from a disease, e.g., a primary ormetastatic tumor, in an amount sufficient to raise an immune response toVEGFR-2/KDR-expressing vascular endothelial cells. The resulting immuneresponse is sufficient to slow the proliferation of such cells or toinhibit their growth, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis, or to reduce asign or a symptom of the tumor.

In some embodiments, the effect of any of the pharmaceuticalcompositions can be augmented by administering one or more cytokines,such as IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and/orinterferons. Generally, the cytokine is selected to not promoteangiogenesis, or is administered in a concentration that does notpromote angiogenesis. Thus, for example, while GM-CSF is favorablyemployed to stimulate proliferation and differentiation of APC in vitro,it is less desirable to administer GM-CSF. In some case, cytokines withdemonstrated anti-angiogenic effects, such as IL-12 and/or IL-18 areincluded in the pharmaceutical compositions or administered in aseparate formulation in conjunction with the immunogenic compositionsdescribed above.

In certain embodiments, any of these immunotherapies is augmented byadministering an additional chemotherapeutic agent. In one example, thisadministration is sequential (e.g., to prevent or reduce interferencewith proliferation or survival of APCs and/or T cells). Examples of suchagents are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, orhormones and their antagonists. Examples of alkylating agents includenitrogen mustards (such as mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan,uracil mustard or chlorambucil), alkyl sulfonates (such as busulfan),nitrosoureas (such as carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin, ordacarbazine). Examples of antimetabolites include folic acid analogs(such as methotrexate), pyrimidine analogs (such as 5-FU or cytarabine),and purine analogs, such as mercaptopurine or thioguanine. Examples ofnatural products include vinca alkaloids (such as vinblastine,vincristine, or vindesine), epipodophyllotoxins (such as etoposide orteniposide), antibiotics (such as dactinomycin, daunorubicin,doxorubicin, bleomycin, plicamycin, or mitomycin C), and enzymes (suchas L-asparaginase). Examples of miscellaneous agents include platinumcoordination complexes (such as cis-diamine-dichloroplatinum II alsoknown as cisplatin), substituted ureas (such as hydroxyurea), methylhydrazine derivatives (such as procarbazine), and adrenocorticalsuppressants (such as mitotane and aminoglutethimide). Examples ofhormones and antagonists include adrenocorticosteroids (such asprednisone), progestins (such as hydroxyprogesterone caproate,medroxyprogesterone acetate, and magestrol acetate), estrogens (such asdiethylstilbestrol and ethinyl estradiol), antiestrogens (such astamoxifen), and androgens (such as testerone proprionate andfluoxymesterone). Examples of the most commonly used chemotherapy drugsinclude Adriamycin, Alkeran, Ara-C, BiCNU, Busulfan, CCNU,Carboplatinum, Cisplatinum, Cytoxan, Daunorubicin, DTIC, 5-FU,Fludarabine, Hydrea, Idarubicin, Ifosfamide, Methotrexate, Mithramycin,Mitomycin, Mitoxantrone, Nitrogen Mustard, Taxol (or other taxanes, suchas docetaxel), Velban, Vincristine, VP-16, while some more newer drugsinclude Gemcitabine (Gemzar), Herceptin, Irinotecan (Camptosar, CPT-11),Leustatin, Navelbine, Rituxan STI-571, Taxotere, Topotecan (Hycamtin),Xeloda (Capecitabine), Zevelin and calcitriol. Non-limiting examples ofimmunomodulators that can be used include AS-101 (Wyeth-Ayerst Labs.),bropirimine (Upjohn), gamma interferon (Genentech), GM-CSF (granulocytemacrophage colony stimulating factor; Genetics Institute), IL-2 (Cetusor Hoffman-LaRoche), human immune globulin (Cutter Biological), IMREG(from Imreg of New Orleans, La.), SK&F 106528, and TNF (tumor necrosisfactor; Genentech).

Reagents for Detecting T-Cells that Specifically Bind VEGFR-2/KDR

Reagents are provided herein for the detection of CD8 expressing cellsthat specifically bind VEGFR-2/KDR. These reagents are complexes made upof tetrameric MHC Class I bound to VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptides.

In some embodiments, the tetrameric MHC Class I complexes include mouseMHC Class I proteins in conjunction with mouse VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenicpeptides. Such mouse complexes are particularly useful for detecting oridentifying mouse CD8+ T cells (such as cytotoxic T cells) specific forVEGFR-2/KDR. For example, the MHC Class I tetrameric complexes caninclude a mouse VEGFR-2/KDR peptide that includes the internal sequenceT-N-X-I (SEQ ID NO: 14). In specific embodiments, the tetrameric MHCClass I complexes include the peptide VILTNPISM or FSNSTNDILI. Forexample, the mouse tetrameric MHC Class I complexes can include thepeptide VILTNPISM and/or the peptide FSNSTNDILI in conjunction withH-2D^(b) molecules.

In other embodiments, the tetrameric complexes include human VEGFR-2/KDRimmunogenic peptides in conjunction with human MHC Class I proteins.These tetrameric MHC Class I complexes are useful for the detection ofCD8+ T cells that specifically bind to the human VEGFR-2/KDR. Forexample, the complexes described herein including human VEGFR-2/KDRimmunogenic peptides bound to human MHC Class I molecules can be used todetect or identify cytotoxic CD8+ T cells specific for VEGFR-2/KDR. Forexample, the immunogenic peptides are subsequences of human VEGFR-2/KDRthat include the sequence X-L/M-(X)_(5 or 6)-L/T/F/G (SEQ ID NO:15). Inspecific embodiments, the tetrameric complexes include the peptidesVLLWEIFSL (SEQ ID NO:5), ALIEGKNKT (SEQ ID NO:6), AMFFWLLLV (SEQ IDNO:7), VLLAVALWL (SEQ ID NO:8), LMTKKNSTFV (SEQ ID NO:9), FLSTLTIDGV(SEQ ID NO:10) and/or WLLVIILRT (SEQ ID NO:11), respectively. Forexample, the tetrameric MHC Class I complex can include any of theaforementioned peptides bound to HLA-A2 molecules.

Tetrameric MHC Class I/peptide complexes can be synthesized usingmethods well known in the art (Altmann et al., Science 274:94, 1996,which is herein incorporated by reference). In one specific non-limitingexample, purified HLA heavy chain and β2-microglobulin (β2m) can besynthesized by means of a prokaryotic expression system. One specific,non-limiting example of an expression system of use is the pET system(R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.). The heavy chain is modified bydeletion of the trans-membrane and cytosolic tail and COOH-terminaladdition of a sequence containing the biotin protein ligase (Bir-A)enzymatic biotinylation site. Heavy chain, β2m, and peptide are thenrefolded. The refolded product can be isolated by any means known in theart, and then biotinylated by Bir-A. A tetramer is then produced bycontacting the biotinylated product with streptavidin.

In one embodiment, the streptavidin is labeled. Suitable labels include,but are not limited to, enzymes, magnetic beads, colloidal magneticbeads, haptens, fluorochromes, metal compounds, radioactive compounds ordrugs. The enzymes that can be conjugated to streptavidin include, butare not limited to, alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, urease andβ-galactosidase. The fluorochromes that can be conjugated to thestreptavidin include, but are not limited to, fluoresceinisothiocyanate, tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate, phycoerythrin,allophycocyanins and Texas Red. For additional fluorochromes that can beconjugated to streptavidin, see Haugland, R. P., Molecular Probes:Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals (1992-1994). Themetal compounds that can be conjugated to the streptavidin include, butare not limited to, ferritin, colloidal gold, and particularly,colloidal superparamagnetic beads. The haptens that can be conjugated tothe streptavidin include, but are not limited to, biotin, digoxigenin,oxazalone, and nitrophenol. The radioactive compounds that can beconjugated to streptavidin are known to the art, and include but are notlimited to technetium 99m (⁹⁹ Tc), ¹²⁵ I and amino acids comprising anyradionuclides, including, but not limited to, ¹⁴ C, ³ H and ³⁵ S.Generally, streptavidin labeled with a fluorochrome is utilized in themethods disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, a suspension of cells to be assayed for the presenceof T cells that specifically bind to VEGFR-2/KDR is produced, and thecells are reacted with the tetramer in suspension. In one embodiment,these reagents are used to label cells, which are then analyzed byfluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). A machine for FACS employs aplurality of color channels, low angle and obtuse light-scatteringdetection channels, and impedance channels, among other moresophisticated levels of detection, to separate or sort cells. Any FACStechnique can be employed as long as it is not detrimental to thedetection of the desired cells. (For exemplary methods of FACS see U.S.Pat. No. 5,061,620.)

T cells, for example, cytotoxic T cells identified using thesetetrameric VEGFR-2/KDR-MHC Class I complexes can be expanded in vitroand autologously transfused or adoptively transferred to provideanti-angiogenic activity in vivo.

The disclosure is illustrated by the following non-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Growth of Cell Lines in Culture

The RMA-S (H-2b), EL4 (H-2b) and T2 cell lines were maintained in RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, glutamine-pyruvate, andantibiotics in 5% CO2 at 37° C. Mouse endothelial cell line H5V (H-2b),bEND3(H-2d) and mouse colon cancer cell line MC38(H-2b) were maintainedin DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, glutamine-pyruvate, andantibiotics. Mouse epithelial cell line TC-1 (HPV16 E6 and E7 positive)was from ATCC. H5V and bEND3 cells were obtained from Dr. Yiwen Li (Weiet al., Nat. Med. 6:1160-1166, 2000). RMA-S cell line was obtained fromDr. Altan-Bonnet, Gregoire (NIH/NIAID).

Example 2 Prediction and Synthesis of Murine VEGFR-2 Peptides

The sequence of mouse VEGFR-2/KDR was evaluated using computeralgorithms to identify H-2Db binding epitopes. Two algorithms wereemployed to predict the epitope candidates binding to H-2Db molecule:Bimas (http://www-bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/molbio/hla_bind/index.html) andSYFPEITH(http://syfpeithi.bmi-heidelberg.com/scripts/MHCServer.dll/home.htm).

Three murine H-2Db epitopes were identified. Three peptides, designatedas VEGFR-2/KDR1, KDR2 and KDR3 respectively were predicted to bind theH-2Db molecules by both computer programs: Bimas and SYFPEITH. Thesequences of these peptides are shown in Table 2. TABLE 2 MurineVEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptides SYFPEITH Peptide SEQ ID NO: SequenceLocation Bimas Score Score KDR1 SEQ ID NO:13 LLSEKNVVKI 1033-1042240.000 13 KDR2 SEQ ID NO:3 VILTNPISM 400-408 660.000 24 KDR3 SEQ IDNO:4 FSNSTNDILI 615-624 286.000 16

Peptides were synthesized using a commercial service (Sigma, TheWoodlands, Tex.). Two peptides with known high binding affinity to H-2Dband HLA-A2, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)16E7 49-57 (Feltkamp et al., Eur.J. Immunol. 23:2242-2249, 1993) and Human P53 264-272 (Theobald et al.,J. Exp. Med. 185:833-841, 1997) served as positive and negative controlrespectively.

Example 3 Mouse VEGFR-2/KDR Peptides Bind H-2Db

To test the binding affinity of these peptides to H-2Db, an RMA-Sbinding experiment was performed, and the FI value in the assay wasmeasured. Incubation of RMA-S cells with H-2Db- or H-2Kb-bindingpeptides has been shown to enhance surface expression of the respectiveMHC class I molecules on these cells by stabilizing the peptide-MHCcomplex (Ljunggren et al., Nature 346:476-480, 1990). The RMA-Bindingassays were performed as previously described (Lyman et al., J. Virol.76:3125-3134, 2002). Briefly, synthetic peptides were dissolved indimethyl sulfoxide before dilution. For MHC-binding assays, RMA-S cellswere loaded with various peptides for 16 to 18 h at 37° C. Levels ofsurface class I molecules were assessed by flow cytometric analysis(FACScan; Becton Dickinson) using mouse monoclonal antibodies specificfor H-2Db (Southern Biotech, clone No. 28-14-8). FI=Fluorescence afterpeptides stimulation/ Fluorescence without peptide-1.

Previous data have shown that the HPV16E7 49-57 can bind to H-2Dbmolecules efficiently and induce a strong CTL response in B6 mice(Feltkamp et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 23:2242-2249, 1993). HPV16E7 49-57peptide was used as a positive control; and the human P53 264-272, knownto bind HLA-A2 but not H-2Db, was used as a negative control (FIG. 1).

As shown in FIG. 1, KDR2 and KDR3 peptides bind well to H-2Db.Concentration of HPV16E7 49-57 at FI=0.5 was about 12.5 μM, while FI ofthe negative control, P53 264-272 could not reach 0.5 even atconcentration of 200 μM, indicating that this peptide does not bindH-2Db molecule and confirming that the assay was indicative of H-2Dbbinding. FI of KDR3 was 0.5 when the concentration was about 3 μM, thatfor KDR2 was about 24 μM, suggested the binding affinity of KDR3 toH-2Db was higher than KDR2 and the positive control, HPV16E7 49-57.

Example 4 VEGFR-2/KDR Peptides are Immunogenic

The immunogenicity of KDR2 and KDR3 was demonstrated in vivo byimmunizing mice with the peptides and evaluating the resulting antigenspecific immune response. Mice were immunized with selected peptide,together with murine GM-CSF and anti-mouse CD40 as adjuvants. Anemulsion containing 50 μl Incomplete Freud's Adjuvants (IFA, Sigma) withor without 100 ng of peptide and 5 μg murine GM-CSF (Pepro Tech), 20 μganti-murine CD40 monoclonal antibody (Southern Biotech, Clone number1C10) was prepared in a final volume of 100 μl. Subcutaneous injectionswere performed on the tails of the mice with 1 ml syringes and 30 gaugeneedles. For the Matrigel Plug Assay, two boosts were injected at 4 weekintervals.

IFN-γ Elispots assay was performed on draining lymph nodes cells (DLN)or splenocytes collected 2 weeks after vaccination to evaluate theantigen specific immune response against the VEGFR-2/KDR peptides.Elispot plates (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.) were coated with 8 μg ofanti-gamma interferon (IFN-γ) antibody per ml in sterilephosphate-buffered saline (PBS) overnight at 4° C. Plates were washedand then blocked with RPMI 1640 with 10% FBS. Fresh splenocytes or cellsafter 1 week in vitro restimulation were used as effectors. 1 or 5×10⁵effector cells were co-cultured overnight with or without 2×10⁵irradiated (3,000 rads) EL4 cells in 200 μl media at 37° C., 5% CO2 inthe presence of appropriate concentration of peptide. When H5V and bEND3cells in stead of EL4 were used as stimulators, they were treated with0.1 mg/ml mitomycin C (Sigma, St. Louis) for half an hour at 37° C.,then wash three times with PBS. 5×10⁴ H5V or bEND3 cells wereco-cultured overnight with 2×10⁵ draining lymph nodes cells. Spots weredeveloped as previously described using biotin-conjugated anti-cytokineantibodies (Endogen, Boston, Mass.) and streptavidin-horseradishperoxidase in 1% BSA-PBS.

The number of IFN-γ secreting fresh spleen cells after pulsing with KDR3peptide was 176 and was about 6 times of that pulsed with irrelevant HPVE7 peptide (FIG. 2A). The number of IFN-γ secreting fresh spleen cellsafter KDR2 vaccination was about 50 times greater than background.

After 1 week in vitro culture in the presence of the vaccinated peptide,the number of IFN-γ secreting cells increased to about 10-20 times morethan the background in KDR2 and KDR3 groups, but VEGFR-2/KDR1 groupremained negative (FIG. 2B). As shown in FIG. 2A and 2B, when pulsedwith syngeneic VEGFR-2/KDR negative EL4 cell, the background is lessthan 10% of the positive group. These results indicated that KDR2 andKDR3, but not VEGFR-2/KDR1, break self-tolerance and induce specificimmune response in C57BL/6 mice. These findings are in agreement withthe RMA-S binding data.

The time course of response differed between peptides, with KDR2yielding a more rapid response. When stimulated with syngeneicVEGFR-2/KDR expressing cells (H5V), KDR2 vaccinated group had 360 IFN-γsecreting cells per million fresh DLN cells, whereas KDR3 group had 161per million cells. A lower response was observed following stimulationwith allogeneic bEND3 cells (FIG. 2C).

Example 5 MHC Class I Tetramer Binds CTLs Induced by KDR2 and KDR3Vaccination

The T cell response to vaccination with the VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenicpeptides was evaluated using a MHC Class I Tetramer staining assay.Tetrameric MHC Class I complexes including the VEGFR-2/KDR2 immunogenicpeptides were used to detect CD8+ T cells that specifically bound toVEGFR-2/KDR. MHC Class I tetramer were from the NIH Tetramer CoreFacility at Emory University. 7-AAD and anti-mouse CD8 were from BDPharmingen. Staining protocol from NIH Tetramer Core Facility wasstrictly followed. Briefly, 2-3×10⁶ cells were incubated with 7-AAD andappropriate antibodies at 4° C. for 30 minutes, washed 3 times, thenfixed with 1% paraformaldehyde. About 100,000 cells were collected byFACSCAN (Becton Dickinson) for each sample. Results were analyzed byCELLQUEST™ software. Dead cells were gated out by staining with 7-AAD.

In freshly collected cells, the percentage of CD8+ Tetramer positivecells is low (about 0.05%), in contrast, more than 1% of CD8+ cells weretetramer positive after one week peptide restimulation in vitro (FIG.3). Thus, about 25 times increase can be seen in mouse spleen cellsafter 7 days in vitro restimulation. While only 0.02-0.08% of total CD8+cells from naive mice were tetramer positive even after 7 days in vitrorestimulation. As shown in FIG.3, the non-specific binding of this assaywas very low (0.01%).

Example 6 CTLs Induced by Peptides Lyse Tumor Cell Lines ExpressingVEGFR-2/KDR

Chromium (⁵¹ Cr) Release Assays were used to determine whether T cellsidentified as binding to VEGFR-2/KDR specifically targeted endothelialcells. Mice were vaccinated twice with 5 μg GM-CSF, 20 μg anti-CD40 and100 μg peptide per mice. Briefly, spleen cells were prepared fromimmunized mice (4-5 mice per group) and restimulated with the vaccinatedpeptides in 24-well plates in RPMI 1640 (Invitrogen) with 10% FCS.Forty-eight hours later, 10% T-stim (BD Bioscience) was added into theculture media. CTL activity was tested in a 4-hour ⁵¹Cr release assay 5days later. VEGFR-2/KDR+syngeneic H5V (H-2d), allogeneic bEND3 (H-2b)endothelial cells and VEGFR-2/KDR syngeneic EL4 cells pulsed withpeptides or EL4 alone served as target cells. The percentagecytotoxicity was calculated using the formula: (experimentalrelease−spontaneous release)/(maximum release−spontaneous release)×100.

As shown in FIG. 4, at an endothelial cell to T cell ratio (E:T ratio)of 50:1, the percentage of lyses of CTLs induced by KDR2 reach 25% whenusing EL4 pulsed with KDR2 as targets, and 28% when using H5V, while thecontrol is about 8% and 1% respectively. The percentage of lyses of CTLsinduced by KDR3 was found to be lower than that of KDR2, but at E:Tratio at 50:1, the percentage of lyses still reach 13% and 21% when H5Vand EL4 pulsed with KDR3 peptide as targets, while the control are 3%and 0.

CTLs induced by KDR2 and KDR3 can lyse H5V cells (H-2b, VEGFR-2/KDR+)and EL4 (H-2b, VEGFR-2/KDR−) pulsed with corresponding VEGFR-2/KDRpeptides, but not MHC Class I unmatched bEND3 cell or the MHC matchedbut VEGFR-2/KDR negative cells (EL4), (FIG. 4). Such a pattern of MHCrestricted lyses indicates the role of CTLs and shows KDR2 and KDR3epitopes are naturally processed by and presented at endothelial cellsH5V.

Example 7 Vaccination with KDR2 and KDR3 Peptides SuppressesAngiogenesis in Vivo

To test the effect of VEGFR-2/KDR peptide vaccination on VEGFR-2/KDRinduced angiogenesis in vivo, a Matrigel Plug Assay was performed usingmurine VEGF as pro-angiogenesis factor. C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks old)were vaccinated three times at 3-week intervals in the tails. Ten daysafter the last vaccination, 500 1 growth factor reduced Matrigel with orwithout 100 ng/ml murine VEGF( Pepro Tech) were injected subcutaneouslyinto the right flanks of the mice (four groups). Group one was injectedwith 0.5 ml growth factor reduced Matrigel alone and served as anegative control. The other 3 groups received 0.5 ml Matrigel containing100 mg/ml of mVEGF: Group 2 served as a positive control, the remainingtwo groups received either the adjuvants alone or (G3) or the adjuvantsand KDR3 peptides (G4). Plugs were resected after 10 days and wereshaken overnight in 2×water before 1 hour of incubation with an equalvolume of Drabkin reagent (Sigma) and colorimetric assessment at A540(Fahmy et al., Nat. Med. 9:1026-1032, 2003).

Matrigel without growth factors cannot effectively induceneo-vascularization, while plugs containing 100 ng/ml murine VEGF wasenough to induce angiogenesis (FIG. 5B upper panel). Compared to groupthat was immunized with adjuvants only, angiogenesis in mice immunizedwith KDR2 and KDR3 were reduced dramatically (FIG. 5A and B lowerpanel). Hemoglobin contents in the Matrigel plugs were lower in thegroup (Gr4) vaccinated with VEGFR-2/KDR peptides than that of the groupvaccinated with adjuvants only(Gr3), OD540 of the plugs were 0.042±0.047(n=6) vs. 0.152±0.110 respectively (P<0.05 relative to control group byStudent's T test).

Example 8 KDR2 and KDR3 Immunizations Inhibit MC38 Tumor Growth

The murine colon cancer cell line MC38 was used as a model tumor inC57L/B6 mice to evaluate the ability of vaccination with VEGFR-2/KDRpeptides to inhibit tumor growth. For the MC38 therapeutic model, 3×10⁴MC38 cells were injected s.c. into the right flanks of C57BL/6 mice atday 1. Mice were randomized into 3 groups (5 mice each), and wereimmunized with PBS, adjuvants only or adjuvants plus 100 μg KDR2 andKDR3 peptides twice at 3-week intervals in the tails. Ten days after thelast vaccination, mice were injected intravenously with 5×10⁴ MC38cells. Tumors were measured by caliper twice a week until the mice weresacrificed, when tumor reach 2 millimeter in length. Lungs were removedand fixed in 10% Formaldehyde, then weighed. Student's T test wasperformed with SPSS software.

There were no significant difference between the adjuvants and PBSgroups, but tumor growth in the KDR2 and KDR3 vaccinated group wascomparatively slower than the other two groups (FIG. 6). These resultsindicated vaccination with these two peptides inhibits MC38 tumor growthin mice. Additionally, although VEGFR-2/KDR is also expressed in normalvascular endothelium (albeit at lower levels than in tumor vasculature),no obvious side effects were observed in the animal model describedherein, demonstrating that vaccination with VEGFR-2/KDR peptides islikely to be tolerated in vivo.

Example 9 Identification of Human VEGFR-2/KDR Peptides

The sequence of human VEGFR-2/KDR was also evaluated using computeralgorithms to identify HLA-A2 binding epitopes. Seven HLA-A2 bindingepitopes were identified. The sequences of these peptides are shown inTable 3. TABLE 2 Human VEGFR-2/KDR immunogenic peptides Peptide SequenceSEQ ID NO: VLLWEIFSL SEQ ID NO:5 ALIEGKNKT SEQ ID NO:6 AMFFWLLLV SEQ IDNO:7 VLLAVALWL SEQ ID NO:8 LMTKKNSTFV SEQ ID NO:9 FLSTLTIDGV SEQ IDNO:10 WLLLVIILRT SEQ ID NO:11 VIAMFFWLL SEQ ID NO:12

Example 10 Exemplary Human VEGFR-2/KDR Peptides Bind HLA-A2

To test the binding affinity of the predicted human peptides for HLA-A2,three exemplary peptides, designated KDR505 (SEQ ID NO:6), KDR775 (SEQID NO:7) and KDR1093 (SEQ ID NO:5) were synthesized and evaluated in aT2 binding assay as described by Cerundolo et al., Nature 342:449-452,1990. In brief, T2 cells were cultured in RPMI1640 with 10% FBS, andgrown in 5% CO₂ at 37° C. Cells (1×10⁵) in a volume of 100 μl of RPMI1640 (serum free) were aliquoted into 96-well, U-bottomed plates andincubated with peptide at a final concentration of 0.1-100 μM plus 5 nMβ₂ microglobulin (Cymbus Biotechnology Ltd., Chandlers Ford, Hampshire,United Kingdom) for 18 h at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. The level of stabilizedHLA-A2 on the surface of the T2 cells was detected using the pan HLAclass I monoclonal antibody W6/32 (European Collection of Animal CellCultures (ECACC), Porton Down, Salisbury) that recognizes stabilizedHLA-A2 complexes. Samples are fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde in PBS priorto analysis and analyzed on a Becton Dickinson FACSCAN®.

As shown in FIG. 7, all three peptides bound HLA-A2 at concentrations of100 μM. KDR775 bound to MHC molecules at a substantially higher affinitythan the other two peptides tested.

Example 11 Human VEGF/KDR Peptides are Immunogenic

To evaluate the ability of the exemplary human peptides to elicit animmune response specific for VEGFR-2, transgenic mice expressing humanMHC Class I molecules (HLA-A2) were immunized with the human peptides(KDR505, KDR775 and KDR1093) as described above. Elicited immuneresponses were evaluated by Elispot assay.

Elispot plates (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.) were coated with 8 μg ofanti-gamma interferon (IFN-γ) antibody per ml in sterilephosphate-buffered saline (PBS) overnight at 4° C. Plates were washedand then blocked with RPMI 1640 with 10% FBS. Fresh splenocytes or cellsafter 1 week in vitro restimulation were used as effectors. 5×10⁵effector cells were co-cultured overnight with or without 2×10⁵irradiated (3,000 rads) C1R.A2 cells (human) in 200 μl media at 37° C.,5% CO2 in the presence of appropriate concentration of peptide.

A representative assay in the presence and absence of C1R.A2 cells isillustrated in FIGS. 8A and B, respectively. These results demonstratethat the exemplary human VEGFR-2/KDR peptides elicit an immune responseagainst VEGFR-2/KDR.

In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of ourinvention may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustratedembodiment is only a preferred example of the invention and should notbe taken as a limitation on the scope of the invention. Rather, thescope of the invention is defined by the following claims. We thereforeclaim as our invention all that comes within the scope and spirit ofthese claims.

1. An isolated or synthetic peptide that binds to a MajorHistocompatibility (MHC) Class I molecule comprising a subsequence of aVascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGFR-2).
 2. The peptideof claim 1, wherein the peptide consists of between 8 and 12 aminoacids.
 3. The peptide of claim 1, wherein the peptide consists of 9 or10 amino acids.
 4. The peptide of claim 1, wherein the peptide is asubsequence of a murine VEGFR-2 comprising the sequence TNXI, where X isany amino acid.
 5. The peptide of claim 4, wherein the peptidecomprises: (a) the sequence VILTNPISM or FSNSTNDILI; or (b) a sequenceof (a) with one or more amino acid additions, deletions orsubstitutions.
 6. The peptide of claim 1, wherein the peptide is asubsequence of a human VEGFR-2 comprising the sequenceX-L/M-(X)_(5 or 6)-L/T/F/G, where X is any amino acid.
 7. The peptide ofclaim 6, wherein the peptide comprises: (a) the sequence VLLWEIFSL,ALIEGKNKT, AMFFWLLLV, VLLAVALWL, LMTKKNSTFV, FLSTLTIDGV, or WLLLVIILRT;or (b) a sequence of (a) with one or more amino acid additions,deletions or substitutions.
 8. The peptide of claim 6, wherein thepeptide binds to an HLA-A2 molecule.
 9. An isolated antigen presentingcell (APC) that presents the isolated peptide of claim 1 on a cellsurface MHC Class I molecule.
 10. The APC of claim 9, comprising adendritic cell.
 11. The APC of claim 10, comprising a human dendriticcell.
 12. The APC of claim 9, wherein the APC is contacted with thepeptide comprising a subsequence of a Vascular Endothelial Growth FactorReceptor 2 (VEGFR-2).
 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a)at least one isolated or synthetic peptide that binds to a MajorHistocompatibility (MHC) Class I molecule comprising a subsequence of aVascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGFR-2); or b) anisolated antigen presenting cell (APC) that presents the at least onepeptide of (a) on a cell surface MHC Class I molecule; and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 14. The pharmaceutical compositionof claim 13, comprising a plurality of different peptides or an APC thatpresents a plurality of different peptides.
 15. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 13, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is animmunogenic composition.
 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13,further comprising an adjuvant.
 17. A method of eliciting an immuneresponse against a VEGFR-2 comprising: administering to a subject animmunologically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition ofclaim
 13. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein eliciting an immuneresponse against VEGFR-2 inhibits angiogenesis
 19. The method of claim17, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition to a subjectwith a tumor.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the tumor is a solidtumor or metastasis thereof.
 21. The method of claim 20, whereinadministration of the pharmaceutical composition elicits an immuneresponse that prevents or reduced neovascularization by the tumor or ametastasis thereof.
 22. The method of claim 17, further comprisingadministering at least one chemotherapeutic agent to the subject. 23.The method of claim 17, further comprising administering at least onecytokine or immunostimulatory agent to the subject.
 24. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises anadjuvant.
 25. The method of claim 17, comprising an autologous APC. 26.The method of claim 17, wherein the subject is a human.
 27. A method ofameliorating an autoimmune disease, comprising: administering to asubject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim
 13. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein theautoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemiclupus erythematosus, diabetes and/or an inflammatory skin disorder. 29.The method of claim 27, wherein the pharmaceutical composition furthercomprises an adjuvant.
 30. The method of claim 27, comprising anautologous APC.
 31. The method of claim 27, wherein the subject is ahuman.